We Need to be Seen, But We Don’t Want Them to Look

Why We Are Terrified of Exposure, But Cannot Bear Invisibility: The Psychology of the 'Real' & 'False' Self

There is nothing more enlivening than being truly seen by another person. However, arguably, there is also nothing more terrifying. To be seen is to have your inner world reflected back to you. It is to be wholeheartedly believed for your reality. When someone witnesses your experience without judgment or agenda, you are given the rare gift of existing beyond your own mind. It’s why a stranger's unexpected empathy can bring tears to our eyes, why a friend's ability to name our unspoken feelings can feel so cathartic, and why therapy can be metamorphic. However, we are creatures of contradiction, desperate to unfold ourselves before another, while frantically constructing walls to keep ourselves safe from perception.

To be seen is to completely relinquish control over how we will be perceived. It is to be laid bare & naked before the judgment of others; it is terrifying. When we invite another to see us we are simultaneously inviting a potential rejection and refusal. Yes, they might meet us with compassion, but they might also turn away in disgust and pity. So much is at risk and yet we cannot help but reach for it, because to remain forever unseen is to doubt whether we truly exist at all. This is why even in an age of unprecedented digital connection, genuine recognition feels so rare. The stakes are so high, and the risk of rejection so great, that we present carefully curated, inauthentic versions of ourselves — digital avatars designed to protect the individual. If these avatars are dismissed or rejected, it isn’t truly us who bears the blow. Our connections become superficial.

Developmental psychology shows us that this need begins in infancy, when a parent's attuned response mirrors the child’s, it communicates to them that their felt reality is real. Donald Winnicott revolutionised our understanding of this process through his theories of child development. His work reveals that the way we are seen (or not seen) in infancy and childhood doesn’t merely influence our personality, it determines whether we develop an authentic sense of self or whether we spend our lives performing for the approval of others.

The Mirroring Mother and the Birth of the Self

In the earliest months of life, an infant has no coherent sense of being a separate individual; their psychological world consists entirely of sensations, needs, and fleeting impressions. When the infant looks at their mother’s face, what they see reflected back, her expressions, her responses, becomes their first understanding of who they are. Winnicott famously wrote, ‘When I look, I am seen, so I exist.’ This mirroring is not passive; it is an active, dynamic exchange in which the mother’s attuned responses (a giggle for the infant’s smirks, a concerned face for their cries) confirm the child’s emotional reality. The infant learns: ‘My feelings exist because they are met.’

However, if the mother is emotionally absent, depressed, or preoccupied, the infant gazes into a void. Instead of seeing their own emotions reflected, they encounter blankness, anxiety, or misattuned responses. A distressed baby whose mother fails to soothe them doesn’t just feel discomfort, they experience a terrifying collapse of meaning. The unmirrored child then internalises a pretty devastating message: ‘What I feel does not matter. I must become what she needs me to be.’ This, according to Winnicott, is the origin of the false self: a defensive adaptation in which the child learns to suppress their spontaneous emotions and desires in exchange for connection.

The ‘Good Enough’ Mother

Winnicott’s famous formulation of the “good enough mother” is often misunderstood as advocating for mediocrity in parenting. In reality, it is an acknowledgment that perfect attunement is neither possible nor desirable. The ‘good enough’ mother provides a shared psychological space in which the infant’s needs are met reliably, but not instantly or flawlessly.

Early on, mothers are in a state of ‘maternal preoccupation.’ They are completely absorbed in her infant’s world, anticipating and fulfilling their needs immediately. But as the child develops, she gradually ‘fails’ in small, manageable ways (she gets momentarily distracted, misinterprets a cue, delays a response etc.) These manageable failures are crucial for development. They teach the infant that frustration is survivable, that the world does not revolve entirely around them, and, most importantly, that relationships can withstand imperfection. A child whose mother is too perfect (never allowing frustration) fails to develop resilience or a sense of separateness and a child whose mother is chronically misattuned or absent learns that their needs are irrelevant or dangerous.

The Fear of Being Seen

The legacy of this early mirroring follows us into adulthood and structures the scaffolding of our relationships. If we were misseen or unseen in infancy, the fear of being seen later in life isn’t simply social anxiety, it becomes existential. To be truly seen by another means risking the exposure of parts of ourselves that have long been hidden, denied, or shaped into palatable versions for survival. We fear being seen not because we’re shy, but because we have learned that exposure can be dangerous. To be visible might mean to be rejected again, not for a performance, but for the very parts we were once told were too much, too needy, too angry, too strange.

This fear explains why many people struggle to tolerate intimacy, even as they crave it. Vulnerability requires a dismantling of the false self, a letting down of the well-rehearsed persona we’ve spent years constructing. It means showing our unguarded inner world to someone else and trusting and hoping that they won’t turn away. For those whose earliest experiences taught them that their authentic self was unwelcome, this can be a truly unbearable process. They may retreat, lash out, dissociate, or default to charm and caretaking as a way to manage the unbearable proximity of being truly perceived.

Social media and digital life only magnify this conflict. The constant performance of identity, the editing and filtering of expression, offers a seductive illusion of being seen. Likes, comments, and followers feel like recognition. But without real presence, real mutuality, and real risk, these interactions often leave us emptier than before. The paradox is that we are never more lonely than when we are being watched but not truly seen.

Perhaps this is the paradox at the core of being human: we are terrified of exposure, yet we wither in invisibility. We want to be known, but only if the knowing is gentle. It is the birthplace of intimacy. And though it may feel perilous, there is no substitute for it. No curated persona, no performance can offer what even a moment of real recognition can.

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Artist: Alexandre Desane

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References

• Winnicott, D.W., 1960. The Theory of the Parent-Infant Relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, pp.585-595.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1965. The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. London: Hogarth Press.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1971. Playing and Reality. London: Routledge.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1975. The False Self. In: D.W. Winnicott, ed. 1975. The Family and Individual Development. London: Tavistock Publications, pp.140-152.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1962. Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self. In: D.W. Winnicott, ed. 1962. The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. London: Hogarth Press, pp.140-152.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1958. The Capacity to Be Alone. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, pp.416-420.

• Winnicott, D.W., 1964. The Child, the Family, and the Outside World. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

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